Principles of Social Crime Prevention Practices

Principles of Social Crime Prevention Practices This essay shall evaluate the impact of Social Crime Prevention Principles on the Development of Effective Crime Prevention Practices. However, it has been suggested that the underlying Principles of Social philosophy of Crime Prevention have little to offer either towards the Development of Effective Crime Prevention Strategies or the actual Prevention of Crimes. There have been various arguments on this matter however, this essay will re-evaluate various and valid theories to establish the above argument while focusing on such effects on Youth Offending in the UK. Crime is an act or omission that violates the law and is punishable upon conviction. It includes Criminal Code offences against a person or property, drug offences, motor vehicle offences and other provincial or federal statute offences. This definition has also been buttressed by the definition from Oxford dictionary as. An action or omission which constitutes an offence and its punishable by law or an action or activity considered to be evil, shameful or wrong: (Online Oxford English Dictionary, 2010:n.p.). However it has been further explained in the Criminal Justice Reform of British Columbia that not every act could be classed as Criminal act. For instance, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Disorderly behaviour such as aggressive panhandling, public urination and sleeping in the street are not necessarily criminal acts, but they do affect communities by a gradual erosion of the quality of life. (Criminal Justice Reform, 2010:n.p.). Therefore, it will be important to mention here that some factors have to be present in order to establish weather a Crime has been committed or not. These factors are; suitable target, motivational offender and non availability of capable guardian. (Clark Eck, 2003). Meanwhile, Social Crime Prevention is a Crime Prevention strategy that could adapt to the changing Social environment rather then the physical environment. This strategy involves engaging the offending age in various community based activities which invariably bring together children, youths and some marginalised groups in the community. The term Social Crime Prevention can simply implies the introduction of any program which endeavour to change patterns of behaviour, social conditions, self-discipline or values in order to reduce the possibility of offending. One could argue that amongst some of the viable social crime prevention initiatives are parental support programs, early childhood training such as personal discipline and self respect, publicity programs to change male thoughts about the use of violence in resolving domestic disputes, supports for disadvantaged families and provision of good, relevant education such as inclusion of black history month and extra curriculum support for the children. Social Crime Prevention can be categorised into the following areas; 1. Prevention which focuses on institutions such as schools and employers rather than on individuals. 2. Preventative Diversion programs for at risk groups. 3. Community Development approaches. 4. Media and other publicity aimed at changing Social Values. 5. Early childhood or Developmental Prevention. The aim of Social Crime Prevention is to support community relationships by increasing the levels of informal Social Control, and consequently deterring determined or potential offenders. Social Crime Prevention could centre on making those who are at risk of offending feel more reckon with in the community. For instance, a Youth Social club and activity group. On the other hand a scheme such as Neighbourhood Watch could be designed to strengthening unofficial protection in the community as a way to fight Youth Crime in which community members are keeping an eye out for one another, increasing surveillance. Social Crime Prevention measures also have significant benefit in areas other than Youth Crime. For instance, in encouraging young people to stay at school which reduces truancy, in setting up support networks for people which addresses issues of loneliness and safety. Neighbourhood watch is generally understood to be a community-based activity supported by local police that is directed towards crime prevention. It involves residents becoming more responsive to the risk of crime and taking action to protect their own and their neighbours property. (Heal et al, 1988). Youth offending is not just a question of rational choice by young people, it is also the result of lack of structural opportunities for young people in terms of education, employment, housing, adequate income and construction of leisure opportunities. (Barry McNeill, 2009). Considering various strategies to control Youth offending, Community-focused Prevention programmes could be classified as follows: i) Community organisation This typically build community based associations, and linkages to local schools, churches, etc. which however can provide effective socialisation for young people, to include local adults as positive role models. (Hope, 1995). ii) Community defence This approach is targeted at preventing victimisation by deterring of offending by the people who are not members of the community. For example, this may include housing authorities cordoning and restricting access to problematic estates to residence only. Other crime prevention strategies could be brought to bear through environmental design (CPTED), defensible space measures, and the purposeful organising of community close watch through Neighbourhood Watch; iii) Theory of broken windows which could also be called zero tolerance seeks to control both physical disorder like graffiti, litter, vandalism; rowdy street behaviour and threatening neighbours. iv) Risk based programmes are relatively recent approaches that seek to identify risk factors amid the entire community populations, to identify those most at risk, and to deliver preventive resources specifically for them. However, the pattern and believe behind this concept is that changes in community can be brought about by changing individuals rather than vice versa. This is contrarily to the earlier crime prevention strategies. These strategies include approaches targeted on victimisation, e.g., strategies aimed at the protection of victims and the deterrence of repeat victimisation and those aimed at the improvement. (Home Office Research Study 187, 1998). Structural change has a similar concept to community development. These strategies see the core changes in society with the utmost consequences for crime diminution as stemming principally from the operation of more overall level policies in economic improvement, employment, housing markets, education, health provision, and the delivery of welfare, benefits and other social services. In this view, much of the space for action against community level social dislocation to include crime depends on the interaction of social policies which even though experienced locally may not be agreeable to amend at the local level. (Home Office research, 1998). Crime Prevention through Social Development or Social Crime Prevention as contained in the UN Guidelines 2002 could be; promote the well-being of people and encourage pro-social behaviour through social, economic, health and educational measures, with a particular emphasis on children and youth, and focus on the risk and protective factors associated with crime and victimization. (Para, 6a). It is progressively more known that modernization and adaptation of initiatives are essential rather than modification, if they are to be relevant to solving problems faced in developing contexts, the resources available, and the capacity of the local state or civil society. International organizations in particular have stressed the scale of the challenges presented for developing countries. Young populations, rapid socio-economic changes, lack of education and/or sufficiently good quality and relevant training, inequality of opportunity, poverty and social exclusion, rapid urbanization and globalization, have all contributed to high rates of offending among young people, and on a scale beyond that experienced in the North. (Shaw Travers, Ed. 2007). The nature of interventions that can be integrated into social and educational crime prevention may include those that are of general programmes, or those targeted specifically to areas or individuals, long or short term programmes, one-off events such as education or training programmes, and could also be targeted on family, community or schools or institution-based. However, many early-intervention schemes have afterwards been introduced in other countries e.g. Nurse Family Partnerships in the US, the Netherlands (Every opportunity for every child-youth and family programme 2007-2011); and the UK (Pilot schemes were extended to 20 sites in 2008); The Healthy Families programme in the USA, Canada; Switzerland; Germany and the Czech Republic. (Crime Prevention Strategy 2008-11). It is believed that children who are given clear standards of behaviour and have positive social bonding with adults are less likely to get involved in crime. (Crawford A, 2007). Sports, cultural and learning have long been integrated into crime prevention strategies. International organizations such as UNESCO, UNODC and UN-HABITAT have all sustained such initiatives in recent years. The use of youth sports and leisure activities in the prevention of crime has a long history, and that it has sometimes been criticized or dismissed as unsuccessful or that is limited when considering the long-term value it has in preventing offending. Much of the criticism was as a result of failure to evaluate programmes, and simple assumptions that playing basketball at midnight will by some means keep young people out of violence. It has been observed in a recent study of sports and leisure industry in the UK, that most councils and local agencies have commissioned sport and leisure activities targeted to at risk groups, rather than providing universal activities. (Audit Commission, 2009). The review stressed the need for coordinated long-term national and local funding of such activities in areas of high deprivation, and for young people to be consulted in the planning of activities to ensure that they are accessible and relevant, as well as attention to evaluation (only 27% of the schemes could be evaluated). Beyond their objective of diverting youth from the temptation of committing a crime, sports and cultural activities are seen to encourage self expression and esteem, life skills and social skills, and education, as well as providing diversionary activities to reduce opportunities for offending, or exposure to risks of offending. Examples included programmes developed by local authorities or services, which aim to reduce the risk of street gang recruitment Projet Les Couleurs de la Justice,Montreal, Canada.(National Crime Prevention Strategy, Public Security Ministry, Quebec). In Brazil, young people have themselves set up innovative initiatives, such as the AfroReggae Cultural Group, Brazil. This group seeks to improve relations between police and young people in disadvantaged areas, teaching the police about reggae, drumming, break dancing and graffiti art. The results have been positive, and have led this group to work in partnerships with other countries such as Haiti and the UK to develop similar projects (e.g. Afro Reggae Partnership, UK). (http://www.favelarising.com/about-afroreggae.html). There is considerable diversity in the aims and provision of sports and cultural projects. In any way, causes of Youth Offending motivational factors shall also be looked into in this context. Quantitatively, there is no single cause of youth crime that can be pointed out. However, researches in a number of countries have consistently identified factors in childhood, adolescence and early adulthood that could increase the risk of a young person offending. These risk factors can be categorised under the following sub-categories; Family When the parents are involved in criminal activities; Or poor parental supervision and control; Neglect from parents and those acting in the capacity of guardianship, Exposure to erratic discipline or being treated harshly Low family income or partial isolation from the community; Family conflict and domestic violence; School Lack of motivation and commitment to go to school Truancy in school without the knowledge of parents Disruptive behaviour at school (including bullying) Low achievers as role models Expulsion from school due to attitude or behaviours Community Lack of unity amongst the dwellers in the community Conspicuous opportunities for crime Easy access to drugs and weapons High children population densities Personal Their personality Lack of sense of belonging in matters that concerns or affects the society Early participation in irrational behaviour Associating with peers that are involved in anti-social behaviour Exposure to hanging out with friends unsupervised. Early adulthood They have no academic or vocational qualifications They have no work experience or any tangible skill Unemployment or on a low income They receive no advice or support or lack of mentoring Homelessness, or are threatened with homelessness However, is worth mentioning here that the list is far more comprehensive that this but have limited the extract to just a few for the purpose of this essay. (Bienhart et al, 2002). Effective monitoring of the youth justice system is necessary for a successful delivery of the aim of preventing offending by children and young people. It is very essential to understand the patterns of youth crime, its causes and the success of different strategies of intervention in preventing further offending which can help in planning youth justice services, target resources and inform sentencing decisions. Amongst the duties of Youth Justice Board is monitoring the function of the youth justice system and the work of youth offending teams across England and Wales. Local monitoring and the sharing of monitoring information locally are also important. Local agencies need to have an accurate measure of local youth crime and the related risk factors. The basic test must be are we reducing youth crime (Home Office document, 1998). There are various Youth crime prevention strategies which are backed by government and organisations. However, Government plans to build on and support existing initiatives such as Grants for Education Support and Training which was aimed at providing  £1.5 million to support drug education and crime prevention programmes between 1997-1998. There is Home Office-sponsored Safer Cities programmes and Crime Concerns, Youth Crime Prevention work, including Youth Action Groups which entails using young people to tackle problems such as bullying, graffiti, vandalism and drug misuse. Crime Concerns work is partly funded by an annual Government grant of  £750,000. However, work with the National Neighbourhood Watch Association and the National Association for the Care and Resettlement of Offenders to encourage young people to be part of the solution to crime, not part of the problem. (Audit Commission, 1996. ISBN 1862400075). It was considered by the government that it will be necessary to reform the criminal justice system in England and Wales to enable them have more constructive outcomes with young offenders. Its proposals for reform build on ideology underlying the concept of restorative justice which is restoration, reintegration and responsibility; Restoration involves young offenders apologising to their victims and making amends for the damage they have done while Reintegration is all about young offenders paying their debt to society, putting their crime behind them and integrating into the law abiding community. The responsibility of the consequences of their offending behaviours lies in their hand and their parents who need to ensure that further offending is prevented. Meanwhile, the new approach is intends to ensure that the most serious offenders continue to be dealt with in a criminal court to provide punishment, protect the public and prevent re-offending. Also, provide an opportunity for less serious offending to be dealt with in a new non-criminal panel, enforced by a criminal court. It aims at allowing young people to be actively and effectively involved in decisions about themselves by encouraging them to admit their faults and face the consequences of their behaviour in whatever way it comes. This also involves the victim in proceedings, but only with their active permission; and Concentrate on preventing offending. (Mirrlees-Black et al, 1993). Television and movies have made popular the cult of heroes, which promotes justice through the physical eradication of enemies. Many researchers have concluded that young people who watch violence behaviours or acts tend to behave more aggressively or violently, principally when annoyed. This is mainly characteristic of 8- to 12-year-old boys, who are more susceptible to such influences. Individuals are brought into violence by the Media in three ways. First, movies that show violent acts which excite viewers and the belligerent energy can then be transferred to everyday life, causing an individual to be involved in physical doings on the streets. This type of influence is momentary, which could last from several hours to several days. Secondly, television can portray ordinary daily violence committed by parents or colleagues or peers. It is very common nowadays to find television shows that do portray such patterns of violence, because viewer endorsement of this type of programming has ensured its continuation. As a result, children are repeatedly exposed to the use of violence in different circumstances and the number of violent acts on television appears to be ever-increasing. And lastly, violence depicted in the media is illusory and has a surrealistic quality but the real pain and agony resulting from violent actions are very hardly ever shown. The penalties of violent behaviour often seem negligible. Over time, television causes a shift in the system of human values and indirectly leads children believe and think violence as a desirable and even courageous way of re-establishing justice. It has been concluded by The American Psychological Association that television violence accounts for about 10 per cent of violent behaviours among children. (APA Commission on Violence and Youth, Washington, D.C., 1993). In conclusion, it appears there are disparities among the theoretical nuances uttered through the various Social and developmental based programmes propounded by the academics with vested political enterprise such as the succession of theories provided by the home office intelligentsia and the perpetual re-offending by some Youths especially in deprived Communities. Although vast sums of tax payers money have been thrown on such initiatives without much to show for it in terms of impeding the tide to re-offending it appears therefore especially in recessionary times such as this when the government is concerned more about savings than anything else, one could perhaps take solace on Lord Judge the Lord Chief Justice contentions that re-offenders should be brought to justice without considering the costs which could undermine the rule of law.

American Gun Laws

Gun laws in the United States of America need to be altered in order to make American society safer. The Second Amendment of the Constitution reads â€Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. † This means that from the point any American child is born they have the right to possess a gun and use it for their own safety. How can a child as young as the age of ten years old know the difference between using a gun for their safety and playing with a gun putting themselves into danger? One state in America called Virgin has its very own law that every person must possess a gun. The law in the United States approves of blind men or woman having the right to possess a gun. If you are mentally affected you are also eligible to possess a gun. How can this be legal? Semi- automatic and automatic guns can be legally purchased in most US states by anyone who doesn’t have a violent criminal record. What is a violent criminal record? The law itself is not worded correctly. Semi-automatic guns are weapons which perform all steps necessary preparing the weapon to fire again after one shot. Automatic guns are firearms which keep firing bullets until the trigger is released. Why should every day American citizens need these sorts of weapons to â€Å"protect themselves†? Ammunition for guns can be purchased at nearly every store around the United States including Kmart and even in a barbers shop. Not only are you able to buy ammunition for very powerful guns but you are also legally allowed to buy as many sets of ammunition as you desire. Seventeen cents is all you need to purchase one bullet in America. If Americans wanted fewer people dying from guns every year they would change the price and the fact that guns are so easy to access dramatically. If bullets were 7,000 dollars each they would be used more carefully. This would influence a massive change in people dying per year from â€Å"gun accidents† as Americans would become very cautious in using their ammunition wisely. In 1999 two boys, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold went on a shooting rampage at Columbine High School. They purchased their weapons legally from the local Kmart. They used semi-automatic guns, shot guns and even possessed 99 explosives and 4 knives. They shot 900 rounds of ammunitions killing a total of 12 students and one teacher and then themselves. The massacre started a debate over gun laws and the availability of firearms to high school students. It resulted in an increase emphasis on school security. Students in American schools now must go through metal detector before entering their daily lasses. Security also checks for any sharp metal such as nail clippers but they do not focusing on the fact that guns are a large cause of death. One child was suspended from his school because he was carrying around a stapler. Guns are still legally allowed in schools. 45% of US households have at least one gun. Around 59. 1 million adults in the United States own a gun. There is no law stating that you need to register your gun so it is impossible to know exactly who owns a gun and how many guns are being sold. 31,593 helpless lived were killed in 2011 by guns. This is a clear message. Guns are not doing any good. Therefore they should not be allowed. Guns should not be used to take others lives. They should be used in the military to protect the country not to kill. They should be used for people that like to go hunting. Semi-automatic and automatic guns are not used to kill a dear so why are they allowed to be sold to any civilised person in the United States? It is said that the availability of a gun makes it more likely that you will have feelings of anger or thoughts of suicide. 381 people have died from gun shooting in Germany, 255 in France, 165 in the UK, 59 in Japan and 39 in Australia. Why is it that approximately 100,000 American people die every year from guns? This is 300 people per day losing their lives because of guns. This is screaming out to Americans that they have to act now. Waiting another year is just losing 100,000 more lives. The news in America impacts greatly on the way society looks at their safety. The TV advertises violence sending a bad message across to any children in the United States. One hour before the Columbine shooting America bombed a school and a hospital in Iraq. This is not setting a good example. Changing the gun laws is a battle between freedoms and safety. It is a battle between freedom for the American people as they have lived their whole lives with the idea that they are safe as they have possession of guns. They have grown up with parents teaching them how to use a gun and in many cases this can lead to good and bad. It can be bad because a child might accidently use a gun for the wrong reasons or their parents have taught them the wrong way of using one. Putting themselves into danger and for good as some families might be smart enough to tell their children there are other ways of protection over guns. It is a battle between safety for all the reasons above. Guns have been seen to be used for nothing but bad in the past and this needs to change. 20 people in America are dying every single hour from a gun. This is not only telling us that they are not used for safety precautions but it is telling us that the American citizens are not very educated in their actions and the way they act. Most Americans might be very good at handling guns and not using them for the worse but to think that so many are dying from one machine and nothing is changing is not good at all. In Australia around about 65 people are killed by guns every year. In America around about 11,127 people are killed by guns every year. 40% of guns sold are not sold without a background check. This means that people with criminal records are easy accepted to own a gun when they are said not to be. The Law says that is you have a criminal record you are unable to possess a gun but many Americans are still easily getting one. This is a wakeup call. America should not be allowing possession of guns for the safety of their own country. Where there are more guns, there are more deaths. America has to start acting now before another 100,000 people are dead.

Muslim Night Essay

An event called ‘Muslim Night’ was held on Saturday, May 7, at MLIC 3rd Floor, IUJ. This annual event starting from 7 pm was initiated and implemented by Muslim Student Association (MSA). Some of students at IUJ come from Muslim countries; they are from Soth East countries : Indonesia and Malaysia; Middle East : Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan; South Asia : Bangladesh, Pakistan; and Africa Sudan. Those countries have a value or culture influenced by Islam. Entitled ‘Muslim heritage in our world’, the event is expected to be cross-cultural understanding and value sharing for Muslim. Muslim culture has many heritages to the world, especially some inventions that still used till today. The inventions are from many aspects such as economy, science, engineer,etc. A short opening speech was delivered by Professor Ahmed. He said that more than 3 billion people in the world hold Islam. â€Å"This contributes significant influence to enrich world culture† added he. Islamic values cannot be separated from the way of Muslim life. Islam which means submission brings peaceful to any human beings. This is reflected from Islamic greeting ‘Assalamual’aikum’ which means to give peace upon to the addressee. The President of MSA – Nur Adib Najamuddin in this occasion said that †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (mohon diisi ya mas, maaf waktu saya lagi moto di luar) President of IUJ, Masakatsu Mori through his email is welcome this event. However, he was absent due to his scheduled appointments in Tokyo. This event is open for all IUJ’s community. More than 250 participants – student, staff, and faculty members were joining in. Much information about Islamic values and culture are available in the form of booklet and poster. Nasheed song describing Islamic culture was heard during the event. The Muslim Night 2011 provided some activities such as (1) a short movie presentation with the title â€Å"1001 Inventions and the Library of Secrets’ which tells about pioneering scientists and engineers from the history of Muslim civilization, such as Al Zahrawi, Al Jazari, and others. The film starred by Sir Ben Kinsley has won Cannes Festival France 2010 for best educational film and New York Film Festival 2010 as the best movie. (2) Islamic corner provided a free writing name in Arabic calligraphy for the participants and it was recorded that almost 200 participants wanted to be written their name in Arabic, (3) and ethnic food and drinks from various Muslim countries, such as South East Asia, Middle Asia, and South Asia.

How Many U.S. Supreme Court Justices Are There

There are nine members of the Supreme Court, and that number has gone unchanged since 1869. The number and length of the appointments are set by statute, and the U.S. Congress has the ability to change that number. In the past, changing that number was one of the tools that members of Congress used to rein in a president they didnt like. Essentially, in the absence of legislated changes to the size and structure of the Supreme Court, appointments are made by the president as justices resign, retire, or pass away. Some presidents have nominated several justices: the first President George Washington nominated 11, Franklin D. Roosevelt nominated 9 over his four terms in office, and William Howard Taft nominated 6. Each of those was able to name a chief justice. Some presidents (William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, Andrew Johnson, and Jimmy Carter), did not get an opportunity to make a single nomination. Establishing the Supreme Court The first judiciary act was passed in 1789 when the Supreme Court itself was set up, and it established six as the number of members. In the earliest court structure, the number of justices corresponded to the number of judicial circuits. The Judiciary Act of 1789 established three circuit courts for the new United States, and each circuit would be manned by two Supreme Court judges who would ride the circuit for part of the year, and be based in the then-capital of Philadelphia the rest of the time. After Thomas Jefferson won the controversial election of 1800, the lame-duck Federalist Congress didnt want him to be able to select a new judicial appointment. They passed a new Judiciary Act, reducing the court to five after the next vacancy. The following year, Congress repealed that Federalist bill and returned the number to six. Over the next century and a half, as circuits were added without much discussion, so were Supreme Court members. In 1807, the number of circuit courts and justices was set at seven; in 1837, nine; and in 1863, the 10th circuit court was added for California and the number of both circuits and justices became 10. Reconstruction and Establishment of Nine In 1866, the Republican Congress passed an act reducing the Courts size from 10 to seven in order to curtail President Andrew Johnsons ability to appoint justices. After Lincoln ended slavery and was assassinated, his successor Andrew Johnson nominated Henry Stanbery to succeed John Catron on the court. In his first year of office, Johnson implemented a plan of Reconstruction that gave the white south a free hand in regulating the transition from slavery to freedom and offered blacks no role in the politics of the south: Stanbery would have supported Johnsons implementation. Congress didnt want Johnson to wreck the progress of civil rights that had been set in motion; and so instead of confirming or rejecting Stanbery, Congress enacted legislation that eliminated Catrons position, and called for the eventual reduction of the Supreme Court to seven members. The Judiciary Act of 1869, when Republican U.S. Grant was in office, increased the number of justices from seven to nine, and it has remained there ever since. It also appointed a circuit court justice: the Supremes only had to ride circuit once over two years. The Judiciary Act of 1891 didnt change the number of justices, but it did create a court of appeals in each circuit, so the Supremes no longer had to leave Washington. Franklin Roosevelts Packing Plan In 1937, President Franklin D. Roosevelt submitted a reorganization plan to Congress that would allow the Court to meet the problems of insufficient personnel and superannuated justices. In the Packing Plan as it was known by his opponents, Roosevelt suggested that there should be an additional justice appointed for every sitting one over the age of 70. Roosevelts suggestion arose from his frustration that his attempts at establishing a full New Deal program were being stymied by the Court. Even though Congress had a majority of Democrats at the time, the plan was resoundingly defeated in Congress (70 against, 20 for), because they said it undermined the independence of the Court(s) in violation of the Constitution. Sources Frankfurter, Felix. The Business of the Supreme Court of the United States. A Study in the Federal Judicial System. Ii. From the Civil War to the Circuit Courts of Appeals Act. Harvard Law Review 39.1 (1925): 35-81. Print.Lawlor, John M. Court Packing Revisited: A Proposal for Rationalizing the Timing of Appointments to the Supreme Court. University of Pennsylvania Law Review 134.4 (1986): 967-1000. Print.Robinson, Nick. Structure Matters: The Impact of Court Structure on the Indian and U.S. Supreme Courts. The American Journal of Comparative Law 61.1 (2013): 173-208. Print.Schmidhauser, John R. The Butler Amendment: An Analysis by a Non-Lawyer. American Bar Association Journal 43.8 (1957): 714-64. Print.

Romeo and Juliet, Cause and Effect - 754 Words

Romeo and Juliet Cause and Effect Were Romeo and Juliet really â€Å"star-crossed† lovers? Some people may argue both ways on this subject, and there could be arguments each way. You would think only bad things could result from love between the two most hateful families ever heard of, and I also believe only bad things could result from this love Romeo and Juliet were horribly in love even though they were both in opposite sides of the Capulet – Montague historic feud. The prologue even states, â€Å"A pair of star- crossed lovers take their life†. So, we know this doomed love will take their lives. But, will they be the only casualties of this hated love? One of the people this doomed love influenced, probably more than†¦show more content†¦If thou be merciful, Open the tomb, lay me with Juliet.† So in the end Paris, Romeo, and Juliet all lay in the tomb- dead. Were Romeo and Juliet really â€Å"star-crossed† lovers? They definitely were. There love did not help anyo ne in the end. The only thing there love produced was hatred, sadness, and deaths. Even though I only discussed three people, their doomed love affected and cost the life of other people involved with the families as well. It’s safe to say, Romeo and Juliet’s love, was doomed at firstShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1552 Words   |  7 PagesRomeo and Juliet, is a story of forbidden love, drama, and identity. While most may think that this play is just one of those love stories read for entertainment, it holds a many connotations that can relate to modern society. As Romeo and Juliet s love develops, so does their deadly secret retracting them from one another more and more. As these two children learn the true meaning of love, they are blinded by the world around them. Their identity takes a strong stand in their ability to love oneRead More Fate in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay1094 Words   |  5 PagesTragedy of Romeo and Juliet, far too many coincidences occur to be strictly coincidental. Fate creates a powerful effect throughout the entire play, starting in the prologue, continuing as Romeo and Juliet meet and fall in love, and tragically ending in the lovers’ deaths. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the prologue, Shakespeare makes it undoubtedly clear that Romeo and Juliet are subject to fate. The audience is first introduced to Shakespeare’s ideas of fate when he describes Romeo and Juliet as â€Å"star-cross’dRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet898 Words   |  4 PagesRomeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet is a play written by William Shakespeare in the 14th century. It is a beautiful tragedy about two star-crossed lovers and their journey together despite their feuding families’ protests. As a result of said feud, both Romeo and Juliet ended their lives, as a result of thinking that the other was dead. If we take this kind of situation and put it into the modern world, someone would be blamed for these tragic deaths. The only question is who. Their parents are toRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1139 Words   |  5 Pagesimmature and impulsive characteristics. The tragic story of Romeo and Juliet, written by the well-known author William Shakespeare centers on a corrupt society and the romance of two young lovers, each a member of one of the feuding families, the Capulets and the Montagues. The importance of wealth, status and pride in society causes each of the family’s to disregard and neglect the new love formed by their immature childr en, Romeo and Juliet. The neglectful decisions created by the families, leadsRead MoreRomeo and Juliet906 Words   |  4 PagesRomeo and Juliet: Essay Topic Sentence: Who, in your opinion, is most to blame for this tragedy? One of Shakespeare’s most known plays is the love story between Romeo and Juliet, which ends up as a tragedy. There are many different reasons and causes to why this tragedy occurred between the two young lovers, Romeo and Juliet, Friar Laurance, their parents and also the element of fate. Romeo and Juliet are two young lovers who seem to rush the love between each other by becoming married to afterRead MoreFate In Romeo and Juliet Essay1169 Words   |  5 PagesRomeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, is a famous tragic love story that bases on a young couple from the rival families, the Montagues, and the Capulets, in which the death of the young couple finally end the ‘ancient grudge’ between the two families. Their result of death is believed to be cause mostly by the fate, which brings them closer and closer to their inevitable destiny, death. In many places in the play Shakespeare also uses words like ‘fortune’, ‘sail’, ‘star s’ to reveal that fateRead MoreMore Than 50,000 Deaths In America Each Year Are Caused1436 Words   |  6 Pagescan become irrational and ignorant towards the actions one has made. In the play, Romeo and Juliet, the Friar reflects upon the goods and evils of herbs, the Friar convinced Juliet to use a sleeping poison, and Romeo bribed an apothecary to give him a deadly poison. These events that occurred in the play show how illegal substances affected the result of the play drastically by leading to the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Utilizing and abusing illegal substances occur within Shakespearean times as wellRead MoreRomeo and Juliet Analyzation Essay1146 Words   |  5 Pagesapplies to real life. We come to acknowledge the fact that each event in our lives, each person has an effect on our futures. In Shakespeare’s tragedy of â€Å"Romeo and Juliet†, a pair of â€Å"star-crossed lovers take their life†. This event alone, however, is not the cause of just Romeo and Juliet, but all the people in the fair city of Verona. As W.H. Auden, a poet and critic, once wrote, â€Å"†Romeo and Juliet† is not simply a tragedy of two individuals, but the tragedy of a city. Everybody in the city is inRead MoreTheme Of Love In Romeo And Juliet913 Words   |  4 PagesClassic literature has timeless relevance. William Shakespeare’s tragedy, Romeo and Juliet (1599) is a play about star-crossed lovers who eventually are unable to run away and live together and enjoy their marriage. The play explores contrasting themes of several types love and hate, which in a way represents the motif of light versus dark that is presented in the play. These themes rely on each other to exist and lead to so many of the tragic events in the play. Love and hate have always been experiencedRead MoreThe Deaths of Romeo and Juliet in William Shakespeares Play Essay1316 Words   |  6 PagesThe Deaths of Romeo and Juliet in William Shakespeares Play Romeo and Juliet was written in 1595 for an Elizabethan audience. It was set in Verona and Mantua in Italy. People of Shakespeares time thought of Italy as immoral and famous for it sexual affairs and crime. The audience would have expected Romeo and Juliet to include affairs and violence but would still react shocked to the actions going on in the play, as even though it would be normal, because of the notorious

International Expansion to Spain - 1115 Words

International Expansion to Spain An Analysis of how a Domestic IT Company in New Zealand could Feasibly Expand into Spain Contents Introduction 3 Greeting 4 Business Attire 4 Cuisine 5 Language 6 Business Culture 7 Conclusion 7 Works Cited 8 If everybody is looking for it, then nobody is finding it. If we were cultured, we would not be conscious of lacking culture. We would regard it as something natural and would not make so much fuss about it. And if we knew the real value of this word we would be cultured enough not to give it so much importance. (Picasso, 2012) Introduction In any foreign expansion, it is important to understand the culture of the country in which you intend to do business. Our companys CEO is sending us to Spain to consider the culture of the Spanish people and try to determine if we can do business there. We will consider the culture among various cultural factors such as the greetings, the manner in which people dress, their food, the language, and the way that they conduct business. Spain has unique fiestas that honor the Roman Catholic patron saints such as the running of the bulls (Lior Steele, 2002). The domestic culture of Spain is a critical consideration in determining if the business can be successful there. This analysis will consider each of these points as well as make a final recommendation. Figure 1 - Spanish Traditions Greeting Spanish greetings are fairly unique in many ways. ForShow MoreRelatedManagement and Zara1507 Words   |  7 PagesExecutive Summary: Zara is an apparel chain owned at operated by the Inditex of Spain. It was founded by Mr. Amancio Ortega Gaona; currently Spains richest man. Zara specializes in fast fashion. At the end of fiscal year 2001 Zara was operating 1,284 stores world wide and had total revenue of €3,250 million. Inditexs headquarters and its major assets are located in the Galacia region of Spain. Inditex also operates five other chains: Massimo Dutti, Pull and Bear, Bershka, Stradivarius and OyshoRead MoreSpain And The United States1095 Words   |  5 PagesSpain and the United States began relations in the earliest days of North America’s colonization. Spain’s settlements in Florida, followed by other colonies in Louisiana, Texas, and the Southwest and California, meant that early American colonists would come into contact and later into conflict with the Spanish. In the early days of the American Revolutionary War, Spain assisted the Americans in their struggle for independence. Many years later, relations between Spain and the U.S. deteriorated andRead MoreBlue Ridge Spain Essay1572 Words   |  7 Pagessuccess with expansion and joint ventures in Australia, the UK, France, Italy, Brazil and Hong Kong through 1987, many differing factors were at play when Yannis Costas evaluated the market and strategy for the Spain in the 1ate 1990s. Factors described by D. A. Ball, et al, 1, considered relevant in a country screening and assessing market expansion, especially the xx screen, political and legal and the fourth screen, socio-cultural, were not favorable for an aggressive expansion in Spain. The keyRead MoreSpain s Participation Of The European Union1671 Words   |  7 Pagesseen in years. After an economic boom fueled by loose credit lending, many countries are left with massive amounts of sovereign debt following the financial meltdown of 2008. The contagion sent waves of economic turbulence across the European Union. Spain was dealing with a housing-market bubble which burst while the EU dealt with a widespread financial meltdown. With the economy in shambles and thousands of Spanish citizens unemployed, many are questioning if Spain’s membership in the European UnionRead MoreZara Is A High End Street Store1453 Words   |  6 Pageswith rapid success in both its home country, Spain, and internationally. One of the distinct reasons why Zara is such a unique company compared to its competitors is its foundation of the quick response system. Today, Zara’s cycle time is six weeks, in which it responds to its customers’ demand very quickly, unlike mo st stores that take half a year. Overall, Zara is distinct from most apparel stores in its ability to travel globally and from its international strategy. Zara has been expanding intoRead MoreZara Casestudy983 Words   |  4 PagesBIT HuangFei (Tracy) Zara: a Spanish retailer goes to the top of world fashion Answer1: The international expansion of Zara started with the opening of a store in Portugal in 1988. Through establishment in Portugal Zara acquired international market experience and knowledge and realized that it would have to adjust its business model to suit the new international markets. International sales accounted for 69 percent of its total turnover in 2005, with Europe being its largest market by farRead MoreFor The Review Of Seeing How Companies Expanded Internationally,820 Words   |  4 Pagesin Japan, 3) Nestle in Spain, 4) Nike in the UK and 5) Apple in Japan Crayola’s Expansion into China: Both the text and theme choice were very pleasant selections to read. The formatting of the slides were very interesting, as borders between text and images were kept in check and have a very clean appearance. The presentation itself was very informative, and included all of the core values required per the rubric. It seamlessly went through their initial domestic expansion beginning in PennsylvaniaRead MoreU.S. Involvement globally1428 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Austin Jackson U.S. Involvement globally At the time of the Spanish American War the United States went from relative isolation to increased global involvement because of economic expansion, and rebellion in the western hemisphere. The consequences of this increased global involvement on American society was that America exited the Spanish-American war as an Imperialist country and America began to abuse its position as an emerging world power. American policy makers were forced to considerRead MoreAmerica s Influence On The American Civil War932 Words   |  4 Pagesaround the world and put their influence on many regions all at the same time as growing to a world power. The United States, and much of the world today, would not be the way it is today if American had not started bringing their influence to an international level in the late 19th and early 20th century. This was all a result of the American Civil War. The late 19th and early 20th century was an era of expansionism as a result of American influence. The Civil War, for example, was a struggle forRead MoreCase Study : Blue Ridge Spain1232 Words   |  5 PagesBlue Ridge Spain Being successful in the food service industry is tough. Most restaurant proprietors think about expansion when it comes to his or her business. Business owners think and consider that having a bigger restaurant will procreate them more profits. One the other hand, some business owners view expansion in an international market as a necessary tool to garner them the profits that he or she desire. Entering a foreign market is expensive, time-consuming and high-risk, so some restaurant

What will you be like at your high school reunion Essay Example For Students

What will you be like at your high school reunion Essay An automobile, a vibrant yellow sportscar, pulls up to the front of the school. Its mirrored windows reflect the faces of a large crowd, waiting breathlessly for the car door to open. A man steps out of the driver’s side, dressed in a formal suit, with the roguish appeal and smile of James Bond, the famous 007 agent. He walks around the front of the car and helps his date get out. The two of them stride hand in hand towards the school as flashes go off and people point at them. As the beautiful couple enters the building, an old station wagon chugs its way through the parking lot. I get out, wearing a jacket and tie, and run toward the school. My hair is disheveled, and my socks are mismatched. I am running late because I had started reading a good book earlier that evening and lost track of time. I reach the front doors of the school, and glance at the glass reflection. A thin, slightly balding man stares back at me through black framed glasses. He is wearing a corny tie, which is a little too small, and a belt, cinched up tight. He pats down his hair, smiles, and a little glint of suppressed laughter appears in his eye. Happy with the world, I open the glass paned door and enter. I catch sight of some of my friends, grouped in a circle, each sharing the story of where they had been since graduation. I step right in and listen in on the trials of the Bar Exam, the little things a wife can do to annoy you, and a chance encounter with the President, before she had become President. My turn comes, and I begin my story. I had gone to college, as most of my friends had, but I stayed longer than I originally planned. The company that hired me for my first Co-op was so impressed, that they offered me a job right then. I loved it there, helping to design new products for people, and I loved the challenge of working on many projects at once, but I loved school more. I arranged to Co-op with them each year while I worked my way up to a masters in Mechanical Engineering. It took me a while because I kept taking classes in History, Politics, and other humanities to enjoy myself, learn, as well as to broaden my resume. I still work for that company, and actually hold a pat ent or two. I enjoy working on new problems, always trying to find the best way to make something. I begin to describe my latest design challenge, when I notice my friends’ eyes are all glazed over. Realizing that the problems of transmitting information to a construction robot on the moon was not as exciting to some as it was to me, I apologized for rambling and remained quiet for the remainder of the conversation. The rest of the night, I rambled from one group of friends to another. I told some of my brief stint as a soccer player in college, ruined by a bad knee, which I always mentioned with a groan and a rubbing of the knee itself. I also mentioned how I was still a soccer referee, and bragged how I sometimes did some professional level games. I also tried to get one of my friends to sponsor the soccer team I coached. We were trying to go to New York to compete in the regional tournament. Later that night I left, whistling and humming to myself. My pocket was full of street and email addresses, and my date book had enough lunch dates to satisfy the hungriest or loneliest person in the world. My book, a final refuge if all had gone wrong tonight, laid untouched in my inner pocket. I drove off, more happy with my life, than jealous of a yellow sportscar.